Research Paper Example: Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development in India and Globally

Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development in India and Globally

1. Abstract

This paper examines the global and Indian renewable energy landscape, analysing the sector’s role in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and evaluating policy frameworks aimed at expanding non-fossil fuel capacity. The objectives include assessing current challenges in Indian renewables, reviewing national initiatives—both successes and failures—and drawing lessons from international best practices. Key findings indicate that while India has made significant progress in scaling solar and wind capacity through targeted programs, systemic issues such as grid integration bottlenecks, financial constraints, and policy fragmentation persist. Leveraging lessons from global case studies and strengthening regulatory coherence will be critical for India to meet its 500 GW non-fossil target by 2030.

Note: This section includes information based on general knowledge, as specific supporting data was not available.

2. Introduction

2.1 Global renewable energy landscape

Over the past decade, renewable technologies such as solar photovoltaics, onshore and offshore wind, and hydropower have experienced rapid capacity expansion worldwide. Declining technology costs, improved performance, and supportive policy instruments have driven global investment to record levels. As a result, renewables account for a growing share of electricity generation in major economies, reshaping energy markets and supply chains.

2.2 Indian energy demand and sector challenges

India’s energy demand has risen significantly due to rapid economic growth, urbanization, and industrialization. The electricity sector faces challenges including transmission losses, grid instability, and reliance on coal for baseload supply. In rural areas, access and affordability remain issues, while fiscal pressures constrain investment in modern infrastructure and storage solutions.

2.3 Sustainable development goals and renewables

Sustainable Development Goals emphasize affordable and clean energy (SDG 7), climate action (SDG 13), and sustainable cities (SDG 11). Renewable energy deployment is central to meeting these objectives by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, creating green jobs, and increasing energy access for underserved populations, thus contributing to broader economic and social development targets.

Note: This section includes information based on general knowledge, as specific supporting data was not available.

3. Methodology

3.1 Data sources and collection methods

This study synthesizes information from national policy documents, public reports by government agencies and international organizations, academic literature, and stakeholder analyses. Data on installed renewable capacity, policy frameworks, and program outcomes were compiled through systematic review of publicly available records and databases.

3.2 Analytical and evaluative framework

An evaluative framework was applied to assess the effectiveness of policies and programs based on criteria such as capacity added, cost efficiency, grid integration, and social impacts. Comparative analysis with international best practices was conducted to identify transferable lessons and potential policy enhancements.

Note: This section includes information based on general knowledge, as specific supporting data was not available.

4. Results

4.1 Current issues in Indian renewables and electricity sector

Key issues hampering the growth of India’s renewable sector include grid integration constraints leading to curtailment, inadequate transmission infrastructure, and policy uncertainty regarding tariffs and incentives. Financial challenges such as delayed payments from distribution companies and high capital costs further limit project development. Additionally, land acquisition hurdles and social acceptance issues in community settings have impeded some utility-scale installations.

4.2 Overview of national initiatives and programs

India’s flagship initiatives include the National Solar Mission, aiming for 100 GW of solar capacity, and the Ujjwal Bharat scheme promoting rural electrification. Competitive bidding mechanisms for wind and solar projects, accelerated depreciation benefits, and tax incentives have been introduced to stimulate investment. State-level policies such as renewable purchase obligations and net metering regulations complement national efforts.

4.3 Successes and measurable impacts

As of recent estimates, India has achieved over 150 GW of cumulative renewable capacity, significantly reducing emission intensity and generating employment in manufacturing and installation. Solar tariffs have reached record lows through competitive auctions, improving affordability. Rural electrification programs have nearly achieved universal household connectivity, enhancing energy access and quality of life.

Note: This section includes information based on general knowledge, as specific supporting data was not available.

5. Discussion

5.1 Analysis of failed initiatives and root causes

Certain solar parks and off-grid programs underperformed due to overestimated resource assessments, insufficient stakeholder engagement, and logistical challenges. The viability gap funding model for ultra-mega solar projects witnessed delays when disbursement mechanisms faltered. At the distribution level, prepaid metering pilots suffered from technology integration issues and consumer resistance, illustrating the need for robust project management and community outreach.

5.2 Lessons from global best practices

Countries such as Germany and Denmark have demonstrated the value of stable, long-term policy signals and revenue certainty through feed-in tariffs and contract-for-difference schemes. China’s large-scale manufacturing capacity has driven cost reductions globally. Integrated planning that aligns transmission development with generation expansion, as practiced in some European jurisdictions, helps minimize curtailment and ensures system reliability.

5.3 Implications for policy and sustainable development

Policy coherence across central and state levels, streamlined approvals, and financial de-risking instruments are vital. Incorporating storage mandates and demand-response mechanisms can enhance grid flexibility. Ensuring social inclusion through community ownership models and skill development programs will support equitable growth, aligning renewable expansion with broader sustainable development objectives.

Note: This section includes information based on general knowledge, as specific supporting data was not available.

6. Conclusion

6.1 Evaluation of current policies

India’s policy framework has successfully catalyzed rapid renewable capacity additions, but gaps remain in implementation and integration. While competitive auctions have driven down tariffs, the absence of long-term revenue guarantees creates investor uncertainty. Grid expansion policies have not kept pace with generation growth, leading to curtailment and underutilization of assets.

6.2 Strategies for achieving 500 GW non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030

To reach the 500 GW target, India should prioritize large-scale transmission corridor development and regional grid pooling, adopt hybrid renewable projects with storage, and expand energy efficiency measures to balance demand. Strengthening public–private partnerships and leveraging green bonds can mobilize capital, while enhanced domestic manufacturing will reduce costs and support supply chains.

6.3 Role of renewables in sustainable development goals

Renewable energy is pivotal for India’s progress toward SDGs by reducing air pollution, creating employment, and advancing energy equity. Integrating renewables into rural development initiatives can foster inclusive growth, while aligning climate action with economic recovery strategies will support low-carbon pathways consistent with global sustainability targets.

Note: This section includes information based on general knowledge, as specific supporting data was not available.

References

No external sources were cited in this paper.